1 Linux Fundamentals
1 Linux Fundamentals.
1. What file contains a list of all network-accessible services and their related ports?
/etc/services
2. Which action will display your hardware device profile on your Linux system?
Type Ishw from the terminal.
3. You must create a directory nameaptd spreadsheets in the Documents directory belonging to user steve. Your current working directory (PWD) is /home/steve. What command would you USE?
mkdir Documents/spreadsheets
- Using systemd tools, how would you set the default runlevel so the machine automatically boots to a graphical user interface (GUI)
systemctl set-default graphical.target
5.What is an advantage of using tar instead of zip ?
tar preserves Unix filesystem features.
6. What file contains the system and user created groups?
/etc/group
7. When using Debian or Red Hat systems, which package must you install and configure to allow for incoming Secure Shell (SSH) connections to Linux systems?
openssh-server
8. What tool does the Debian manual recommend you use to create a new user when working on Debian/Ubuntu-based systems?
adduser
9. You must write a shell script to repeat a command once every hour and only stop if you kill or interrupt the script. What action should you take to best accomplish this?
Use a while loop with an hour long sleep timer.
10. You are reviewing the output from running netstat and notice a port 21 is active and listening. What would you deduce from this information?
A File Transfer Protocol (FTP) daemon is running on the local host.
11. You plan to build your own Ubuntu server image for a cloud deployment. What is the minimum disk space you will need for the operating system (OS) itself?
4 GB
12. What command could a non-root user issue to update Debian/Ubuntu repositories?
sudo apt update
13. Which code will print a complete, easy-to-read list of the Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) devices connected to your machine?
1spci
14. What application allows you to install third-party software on an Ubuntu system?
Advanced Package Tool (APT)
15. What folder contains most of the human-editable configuration files that control how applications operate?
/etc
16. You just installed a new Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) network card and Linux did not immediately recognize it. What tool do you need to enable the kernel module to run the card?
modprobe module-name
17. On most modern Linux systems, what file contains the list of users and encrypted versions of their passwords?
/etc/shadow
18. How would you adjust the display resolution in distributions using the GNOME 3 desktop (but not the Wayland compositor) to 1366x768 using the command line?
xrandr --size 1366x768
19. Using systemd tools, how would you change the current target to allow only command-line access?
systemctl isolate multi-user.target
20. Which Linux desktop is best suited for older, slower, or low-powered hardware?
XForms Common Environment (Xfce)
21. Which flag would you add to a useradd command in a CentOS system if you wanted to add new users to one or more additional groups?
-G
22. At a minimum, which is a valid, standalone, tar command?
tar -cf archive. tar foo.txt
23. In a Bash shell, what would you type to set an environment variable of EDITOR to nano and add the setting to your environment?
EDITOR=/usi/bin/nano; export EDITOR
24. What command dumps socket connection statistics?
ss
25. What command lists only directories in the /etc directory?
ls -d /etc/*/
26. What setting must you edit on the server-side machine to allow remote graphic sessions over Secure Shell (SSH)?
The X11Forwarding line in the /etc/ssh/sshd_config file
27. When using CentOS, which file contains the configurations controlling way the useradd command will define system and user account unique identifiers (UIDs)?
/etc/login.defs
28. What command would you use to change a file's group to root for a file named users.txt?
sudo chgrp root users.txt
29. Which command would you use to determine the distribution name and version of your Linux system?
cat /etc/os-release
30 You plugged a USB drive into your Ubuntu system with automount enabled and want to check its contents. What should you do to accomplish this?
Navigate to your username in the media directory.
31 Which command will update the password for a user named "user"?
passwd user
32 What are the three types of object owners on a Linux system?
User (owner), group, and other
33 How, on a system using systemd, would you set (or reset) your computer's timezone to Eastern Standard Time?
sudo timedatectl set-timezone EST
34 What setting in the /etc/passwd file is normally given to system user accounts (meaning, an account associated with a process rather than a person) to prevent them from being used to login?
/usr/sbin/nologin
35 What is the purpose of the shebang line in a Linux script (for example, #!/bin/bash)?
To identify the shell interpreter you want to use
36 What command allows you to set a priority value for a process when it launches?
nice
37 Which file sets the PATH environment variable for the current user on an Ubuntu system?
~/.profile
38 On a Debian/Ubuntu system, how would you delete a package along with any configuration settings?
sudo apt purge packagename
39 Which code will print a complete, easy-to-read list of the Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) devices connected to your machine?
lspci
40 In addition to loading the operating system (OS), what other purpose might a boot loader serve?
To provide a multi-OS boot environment
41 What command displays all processes in a tree format?
pstree
42 What command displays a static snapshot of running processes?
ps
43 What is firmware?
Software embedded into the system hardware
44 What command assigns others read, write, and execute (rwx) permissions to the file users.txt?
chmod o+rwx users.txt
45 What command clears the local APT-based repositories of retrieved package files on a Debian/Ubuntu system?
sudo apt-get clean
46 What User ID will the root account possess by default? 0
47 What is the default nice setting for a new process in Linux? 0
48 What command would you issue to display all the groups associated with the system?
cat /etc/group
49 You download the ISO file for the Linux distribution you want to install and use on a local PC or server. What is your next step?
Write the image to a DVD or USB drive.
50 After you update the system repository index (using apt update), what would you execute to apply the updates on Ubuntu?
sudo apt upgrade
51 What command would you issue to download and install VideoLAN Client (VLC) in Ubuntu
sudo apt-get install vlc
52 When would you install the Gnome Tweak Tool on your Linux system?
When you want to customize your system's user interface
53 What is the most widely-used default boot loader for Linux systems?
Grand Unified Boot Loader (GRUB)
54 Which statement best explains what happens when you use a USB device to run a live image of Linux on your computer?
You can run a single session using a USB or optical drive without modifying your local system.
55 You must list the permission and ownership of the file users.txt. What would you do to accomplish this task?
Issue ls -l users.txt